| Rif. principale. | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
|---|---|
| Osservazioni | Omnivorous, feeds on molluscs and crustaceans; also barnacles, sea urchins, marine worms, sea squirts, fish eggs and eelgrass. Feeding ceases when the fish become inactive during winter months. Parasites of the species include 12 trematodes, 6 cestodes, 7 nematodes, 1 acanthocephalan and 1 monogenean (Gyrodactylus adspersi) (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrato | |
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| Substrato Rif. | |
| Habitat speciali | |
| Habitat speciali Rif. |
| Fonte Biblio. | |
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| Associazioni | |
| Associato a | |
| Osservazioni dell'associazione | |
| Parassitismo |
| Tipo di alimentazione | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo di alimentazione Rif. | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
| Abitudini alimentari | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Abitudini alimentari Rif. | Pepin, P. and R.W. Penney, 1997 |
| Estimation method | Campione originale | Popolazione non pescata | Commento | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Dalla composizione della dieta | 3.72 | 0.18 | 3.39 | 0.40 | Troph of adults from 5 studies. |
| Da singoli alimenti | 3.25 | 0.21 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Fonte Biblio. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||