| Ref. principal | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
|---|---|
| Notas | Pelagic-inshore. Inhabits coastal waters and forms small to large schools (Ref. 9773). Occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 7300). Prefers clear oceanic waters around islands to neritic waters (Ref. 5217). Occasionally in turbid waters (Ref. 9283). Mainly nocturnal. Feeds on small shrimps, benthic invertebrates, and forams when inshore, and zooplankton and fish larvae when offshore (Also Ref. 9773). Travels in compact groups of hundreds of thousands of fish. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
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|
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| Substrato | Pelagic; |
|---|---|
| Substrato Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
| Habitats especiais Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associações | schooling; |
| Associado a | |
| Observações da associação | |
| Parasitism |
| Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo de alimentação Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
| Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Hábito alimentar Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
| Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Da composição da dieta | 3.81 | 0.18 | 4.10 | 0.70 | Troph of juv./adults from 6 studies. |
| Dos itens alimentares individuais | 3.82 | 0.43 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Yamashita, Y., N. Piamthipmanus and K. Mochizuki, 1987 | ||||